![]() Jovanovic T, Keyes M, Fiallos A, Myers KM, Davis M, Duncan EJ. Fear-potentiated startle in humans: effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex. Grillon C, Ameli R, Woods SW, Merikangas K, Davis M. Acoustic startle reflex in rhesus monkeys: a review. 1990 16:279–87.ĭavis M, Antoniadis EA, Amaral DG, Winslow JT. Potentiation of the acoustic startle response by a conditioned stimulus paired with acoustic startle stimulus in rats. Affective startle modulation and psychopathology: Implications for appetitive and defensive brain systems. A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry. Thus, our study establishes the disinhibitory DRN-RtTgP-RtTgC circuit as a critical mechanism underlying exaggerated startle under fear emotions, and provides 5-HT 1B receptor as a potential therapeutic target for treating hyperarousal symptom in fear-associated psychiatric disorders. Moreover, conditional deletion of 5-HT 1B receptor from RtTgP GABAergic neurons largely reverses the exaggeration of startle during conditioned fear. Chemogenetic activation of the DRN-RtTgP projections mimics the increased startle response under fear emotions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the conditioned fear-activated DRN 5-HTergic neurons send inhibitory projections to RtTgP GABAergic neurons, which in turn upregulate neuronal activities of RtTgC glutamatergic neurons. Inhibition of this RtTgP-RtTgC microcircuit leads to elevated startle amplitudes. Within RtTg, we identify an inhibitory microcircuit comprising GABAergic neurons in pericentral RtTg (RtTgP) and glutamatergic neurons in central RtTg (RtTgC). Here we reveal a neural projection from dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to a startle-controlling center reticulotegmental nucleus (RtTg) that mediates enhanced startle response under fear condition. ![]() However, the mechanisms driving this symptom are poorly understood. Exaggerated startle has been recognized as a core hyperarousal symptom of multiple fear-related anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder.
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